What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol, a crucial chemical compound, serves as a building block for cell membranes and essential hormones. While the liver produces a significant portion, dietary sources contribute the rest. This article delves into the types of cholesterol, their impact on health, and measures to maintain optimal cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol Types: HDL vs. LDL vs. Triglycerides

1. Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL):
   • Higher cholesterol to protein ratio, considered “bad” cholesterol.
   • Elevated LDL levels pose risks of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
2. High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL):
   • Higher protein to cholesterol ratio, deemed “good” cholesterol.
   • A higher HDL to LDL ratio is protective against cardiovascular diseases.
3. Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and Triglycerides:
   • Associated with plaque deposits when LDL levels are high and HDL is low.

Cholesterol Levels: Normal and High

1. Total Cholesterol Risk Guidelines (mg/dL):
   • < 200: Desirable
   • 200 to 239: Borderline high
   • 240: High
2. HDL and LDL Guidelines (mg/dL):
   • HDL: < 40 (Low) / > 60 (High)
   • LDL: < 100 (Optimal) / > 190 (High)

Impact of High Cholesterol on Health

1. Atherosclerotic Heart Disease:
   • Plaque buildup narrows coronary arteries, leading to angina and potential heart attacks.
2. Decreased Blood Supply to the Brain:
   • Can cause transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
3. Peripheral Artery Disease:
   • Gradual narrowing of leg arteries resulting in pain during exercise (claudication).
4. General Arterial Effects:
   • Plaque buildup can affect various arteries, impacting organ function.

Foods to Lower Cholesterol

1. Diet Guidelines:
   • Limit total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat intake.
   • Opt for monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, seeds, fish, and vegetable oils.
   • Control cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg per day.
2. Beneficial Foods:
   • Plant sterol additives, high-fiber foods, fruits (apples, pears), fish, nuts, and olive oil.

Lifestyle Interventions for Lowering Cholesterol

1. Weight Loss and Exercise:
   • Decreases total cholesterol and elevates HDL levels.
2. Smoking Cessation:
   • Reduces LDL levels and lowers heart disease and stroke risks.
3. Moderate Alcohol Consumption:
   • One drink per day may increase HDL levels; excessive alcohol intake can pose risks.

Medications for High Cholesterol

1. Statins:
   • Include simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and rosuvastatin.
   • Primarily decrease LDL levels, reducing heart attack risk.
2. Niacin, Bile Acid Resins, and Fibric Acid Derivatives:
   • Offer alternatives for lowering LDL and triglycerides or increasing HDL.
   • Statins are unique in directly reducing heart attack risk.
3. New Medications:
   • Alirocumab and evolocumab target PCSK9, lowering LDL; prescribed for specific cases.

Conclusion

Understanding cholesterol, its types, and the associated health risks empowers individuals to make informed lifestyle choices. Incorporating a heart-healthy diet, exercise, and, when necessary, medications, allows for effective cholesterol management. Regular discussions with healthcare professionals ensure personalized strategies for maintaining optimal cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.