Generic Name: Alprazolam
Brand Names: Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam
Drug Class: Anxiolytics, Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam, commonly known as Xanax, Xanax XR, and Niravam, belongs to the benzodiazepine drug family, sharing its lineage with diazepam (Valium), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), and flurazepam (Dalmane). This article delves into the uses, side effects, dosages, addictive potential, withdrawal symptoms, interactions, and safety considerations associated with alprazolam.
What is Alprazolam, and What is it Used For?
Alprazolam is an anti-anxiety medication that operates within the benzodiazepine drug family. Its mechanism involves enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity. Alprazolam is primarily prescribed for anxiety disorders and panic attacks characterized by symptoms such as worry, restlessness, tremors, palpitations, and sweating. The FDA approved alprazolam in October 1981.
Side Effects of Alprazolam
Common side effects of alprazolam at lower doses include drowsiness and fatigue. Additional side effects may encompass memory and speech problems, constipation, changes in weight, headache, and dry mouth.
Alprazolam Dosage Recommendations
The starting dose for anxiety is typically 0.25-0.5 mg taken 3 to 4 times daily, with the possibility of incremental increases up to a maximum of 4 mg daily. For panic attacks, the initial dose is 0.5 mg taken 3 times daily, with cautious increments every 3-4 days, not exceeding 1 mg daily. Extended-release tablets, when used for panic disorder, may start at 0.5 mg once daily, with an average dose ranging from 3-6 mg once daily. Alprazolam can be taken with or without food.
Addictive Potential and Withdrawal Symptoms
The use of alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, poses risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction. High doses over prolonged periods increase the likelihood of addiction. Abrupt discontinuation may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, headaches, nausea, lightheadedness, anxiety, fatigue, and, in severe cases, seizures. Gradual tapering under medical supervision is recommended for those on alprazolam for extended periods.
Drug Interactions
Alprazolam interactions occur with medications like ketoconazole, itraconazole, nefazodone, cimetidine, and fluvoxamine, potentially intensifying side effects. Concurrent use with alcohol or other CNS depressants like barbiturates and narcotics can lead to increased sedation. Carbamazepine and rifampin diminish alprazolam effectiveness by accelerating its metabolism and elimination.
Safety Considerations for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, are contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal abnormalities. Alprazolam is excreted in breast milk and can affect nursing infants, making it unsuitable for breastfeeding mothers.
Additional Information about Alprazolam
Alprazolam is available in various forms, including tablets (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg), extended-release tablets (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg), orally disintegrating tablets (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg), and a solution (1 mg/ml). It should be stored at room temperature (15 C to 30 C or 59 F to 86 F). Alprazolam is available in generic form and requires a prescription.
In Summary
Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, is a sedative used to treat anxiety disorders and panic attacks. Its usage is associated with potential side effects, dosages tailored to specific conditions, risks of addiction, withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, and interactions with other medications. Safety precautions include avoiding alprazolam during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Patients are advised to store alprazolam as directed and to seek medical guidance for appropriate use and discontinuation.